Nickel Alloy Market Introduction
Nickel alloys are a group of metallic materials that are made by combining nickel with one or more other metals or non-metals. The resulting alloys possess a unique combination of properties that make them ideal for use in a variety of applications, from aerospace and military to chemical processing and petrochemical industries.
Nickel alloys are highly resistant to corrosion, oxidation, and high temperatures, making them ideal for use in harsh environments. They also possess high strength and toughness, good ductility, and excellent weldability, which make them easy to fabricate into various shapes and forms.
The most common types of nickel alloys include:
- Monel: This is a nickel-copper alloy that is highly resistant to corrosion and is used in marine applications, chemical processing, and aerospace industries.
- Inconel: This is a nickel-chromium alloy that is highly resistant to high temperatures and oxidation. It is commonly used in gas turbine engines, chemical processing, and nuclear power plants.
- Hastelloy: This is a nickel-molybdenum alloy that is highly resistant to corrosion and is used in chemical processing, petrochemical industries, and nuclear reactors.
The global nickel alloy market is expected to grow in the coming years due to the increasing demand for these materials in various industries. The market is driven by factors such as the growing aerospace and defense industries, increasing demand for energy, and growing demand for chemical processing and petrochemical industries.
Nickel Alloy Market Industry Analysis
The global nickel alloy market is a highly competitive and dynamic industry that is driven by various factors such as the demand from end-use industries, technological advancements, and government regulations.
One of the major drivers of the nickel alloy market is the increasing demand from the aerospace and defense industries. The demand for nickel alloys in this sector is mainly due to their high strength, corrosion resistance, and ability to withstand high temperatures. The growing demand for commercial and military aircraft, as well as the increasing investment in space exploration, is expected to fuel the growth of the nickel alloy market in this segment.
Another significant driver of the nickel alloy market is the increasing demand for energy. Nickel alloys are widely used in the oil and gas industry, where they are used in drilling equipment, pipelines, and valves. The growing demand for energy, particularly in developing countries, is expected to drive the growth of the nickel alloy market in this sector.
The chemical processing and petrochemical industries are also major consumers of nickel alloys. These industries use nickel alloys for their high resistance to corrosion and high temperatures, making them ideal for use in chemical reactors, heat exchangers, and other equipment. The growing demand for chemicals and petrochemicals is expected to drive the growth of the nickel alloy market in this sector.
However, the nickel alloy market is also faced with several challenges. The volatility of raw material prices and the high cost of production are some of the major challenges facing the industry. Additionally, the environmental concerns associated with the mining and processing of nickel ores have led to increased government regulations, which could impact the growth of the industry.
Overall, the global nickel alloy market is expected to continue to grow in the coming years, driven by the increasing demand from various end-use industries and the development of new and innovative products.
Nickel Alloy Market Trends
The global nickel alloy market is experiencing several key trends that are shaping the industry and driving growth. Here are some of the notable trends:
- Increasing demand for high-performance alloys: As industries such as aerospace, energy, and chemical processing continue to push the limits of performance requirements, there is a growing demand for high-performance alloys. Nickel alloys, with their exceptional resistance to corrosion, high temperatures, and wear, are ideally suited to meet these demands.
- Rising popularity of 3D printing: 3D printing, or additive manufacturing, is gaining popularity in the manufacturing industry as it allows for the production of complex parts with intricate geometries. Nickel alloys are well-suited for 3D printing due to their high strength, ductility, and resistance to corrosion and high temperatures.
- Increasing demand for sustainable materials: With increasing concerns over the environmental impact of materials production and consumption, there is a growing demand for sustainable materials. Nickel alloys are recyclable and have a long lifespan, making them an attractive choice for environmentally conscious industries.
- Growing focus on research and development: The nickel alloy industry is investing in research and development to develop new alloys and improve the performance of existing ones. Advancements in materials science and manufacturing techniques are expected to drive the development of new and innovative nickel alloys.
- Adoption of automation and digitalization: The adoption of automation and digitalization in the manufacturing process is helping to streamline production, reduce costs, and improve product quality. These technologies are expected to play a key role in the growth of the nickel alloy industry.
Overall, the nickel alloy market is expected to continue to evolve as new materials, technologies, and applications emerge. The industry will need to remain flexible and adaptable to these changes in order to continue to thrive.
Nickel Alloy Market Size And Forecast
The global nickel alloy market size was valued at USD 13.5 billion in 2020 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of approximately 5.5% during the forecast period (2021-2028). The market growth is driven by the increasing demand for nickel alloys in various end-use industries such as aerospace, energy, and chemical processing.
The aerospace and defense industry is expected to remain a key driver of growth in the nickel alloy market. The increasing demand for commercial and military aircraft, as well as the growing investment in space exploration, is expected to fuel the growth of the market in this segment.
The energy industry is also expected to drive the growth of the nickel alloy market. The increasing demand for energy, particularly in developing countries, is expected to increase the demand for nickel alloys in the oil and gas industry, where they are used in drilling equipment, pipelines, and valves.
The chemical processing and petrochemical industries are also expected to contribute to the growth of the nickel alloy market. Nickel alloys are used in chemical reactors, heat exchangers, and other equipment due to their high resistance to corrosion and high temperatures.
North America is expected to dominate the nickel alloy market during the forecast period, followed by Europe and Asia-Pacific. The presence of major aerospace and defense companies in North America is expected to drive the demand for nickel alloys in this region.
Overall, the global nickel alloy market is expected to continue to grow in the coming years due to the increasing demand from various end-use industries and the development of new and innovative products.
Nickel Alloy Market Share Analysis
The global nickel alloy market is highly competitive, with several players operating in the market. Here is a share analysis of the key players in the nickel alloy market:
- Precision Castparts Corp.: This company is a leading manufacturer of nickel alloys and other high-performance materials. The company’s products are used in various industries such as aerospace, energy, and chemical processing.
- Allegheny Technologies Inc.: Allegheny Technologies is a major producer of nickel alloys, titanium alloys, and other specialty materials. The company’s products are used in various industries such as aerospace, defense, and oil and gas.
- VDM Metals GmbH: VDM Metals is a leading manufacturer of nickel alloys and other high-performance materials. The company’s products are used in various industries such as aerospace, energy, and chemical processing.
- Sandvik AB: Sandvik AB is a global engineering company that produces a wide range of products, including nickel alloys. The company’s nickel alloys are used in various industries such as aerospace, energy, and chemical processing.
- Carpenter Technology Corporation: Carpenter Technology is a major producer of nickel alloys, titanium alloys, and other specialty materials. The company’s products are used in various industries such as aerospace, defense, and medical.
Other notable players in the nickel alloy market include Haynes International, Nippon Yakin Kogyo Co., Ltd., Aperam S.A., and ArcelorMittal S.A.
Overall, the nickel alloy market is highly fragmented, with several players competing for market share. The key players are focusing on product innovation, strategic partnerships, and mergers and acquisitions to strengthen their position in the market.
Nickel Alloy Market Competitive Landscape
The global nickel alloy market is highly competitive, with several major players operating in the market. Here are some of the key players in the nickel alloy market and their competitive strategies:
- Precision Castparts Corp.: The company is focusing on expanding its product portfolio by investing in research and development. The company is also focusing on strategic partnerships and collaborations to expand its reach in the market.
- Allegheny Technologies Inc.: The company is focusing on cost optimization and efficiency improvements to remain competitive in the market. The company is also investing in research and development to develop new and innovative products.
- VDM Metals GmbH: The company is focusing on expanding its global reach by investing in its production facilities and strengthening its distribution network. The company is also focusing on developing new products to meet the changing demands of the market.
- Sandvik AB: The company is focusing on innovation and product development to remain competitive in the market. The company is also investing in automation and digitalization to streamline its production processes and reduce costs.
- Carpenter Technology Corporation: The company is focusing on product innovation and development to meet the evolving demands of the market. The company is also investing in research and development to develop new and innovative products.
Overall, the key players in the nickel alloy market are focusing on product innovation, research and development, and strategic partnerships and collaborations to remain competitive in the market. The companies are also investing in automation and digitalization to streamline their production processes and reduce costs. As the market continues to evolve, the key players will need to remain flexible and adaptable to changing market conditions in order to maintain their competitive edge.
Nickel Alloy Market Intelligence
Here are some additional insights and intelligence on the global nickel alloy market:
- Nickel alloys are used in a wide range of industries, including aerospace, defense, energy, chemical processing, and medical. These alloys offer a combination of high strength, corrosion resistance, and high-temperature resistance, making them ideal for use in demanding applications.
- The aerospace and defense industry is expected to be a key driver of growth in the nickel alloy market, as the demand for commercial and military aircraft continues to increase. The increasing investment in space exploration is also expected to fuel the growth of the market in this segment.
- The energy industry is another key driver of growth in the nickel alloy market. The increasing demand for energy, particularly in developing countries, is expected to increase the demand for nickel alloys in the oil and gas industry, where they are used in drilling equipment, pipelines, and valves.
- The chemical processing and petrochemical industries are also expected to contribute to the growth of the nickel alloy market, as nickel alloys offer high resistance to corrosion and high temperatures, making them ideal for use in chemical reactors, heat exchangers, and other equipment.
- North America is expected to dominate the nickel alloy market during the forecast period, followed by Europe and Asia-Pacific. The presence of major aerospace and defense companies in North America is expected to drive the demand for nickel alloys in this region.
- The nickel alloy market is highly fragmented, with several players competing for market share. The key players are focusing on product innovation, strategic partnerships, and mergers and acquisitions to strengthen their position in the market.
- The increasing demand for electric vehicles is expected to drive the growth of the nickel alloy market in the coming years. Nickel alloys are used in electric vehicle batteries and other components, and the increasing adoption of electric vehicles is expected to increase the demand for nickel alloys in this segment.
Overall, the nickel alloy market is expected to continue to grow in the coming years, driven by the increasing demand from various end-use industries and the development of new and innovative products.
Nickel Alloy Market Industry Trends
Here are some of the key industry trends in the global nickel alloy market:
- Increasing demand from aerospace and defense: The aerospace and defense industry is a major consumer of nickel alloys, and the increasing demand for commercial and military aircraft is expected to drive the growth of the market. The growing demand for space exploration is also expected to contribute to the growth of the market in this segment.
- Growing demand from the energy industry: The energy industry is another key consumer of nickel alloys, particularly in the oil and gas sector where nickel alloys are used in drilling equipment, pipelines, and valves. The increasing demand for energy, particularly in developing countries, is expected to drive the growth of the market in this segment.
- Rising demand for electric vehicles: The increasing adoption of electric vehicles is expected to drive the demand for nickel alloys, particularly in battery technology. Nickel alloys are used in the production of electric vehicle batteries and other components, and the growth of the electric vehicle market is expected to fuel the growth of the nickel alloy market in this segment.
- Growing demand for high-performance materials: Nickel alloys are a type of high-performance material that offer a combination of strength, corrosion resistance, and high-temperature resistance. The increasing demand for high-performance materials in various industries, including aerospace, defense, energy, and chemical processing, is expected to drive the growth of the nickel alloy market.
- Focus on sustainability: The growing focus on sustainability is expected to drive the demand for nickel alloys that are produced using environmentally friendly methods. The development of sustainable nickel alloys is expected to drive innovation in the market and contribute to the growth of the market in the coming years.
Overall, the nickel alloy market is expected to continue to grow in the coming years, driven by the increasing demand from various end-use industries and the development of new and innovative products. The focus on sustainability is also expected to drive innovation in the market and contribute to the growth of the market in the coming years.
Nickel Alloy Market Analysis
The global nickel alloy market is expected to grow at a significant rate in the coming years, driven by the increasing demand from various end-use industries. The market is highly fragmented, with several players competing for market share.
The aerospace and defense industry is expected to be a key driver of growth in the nickel alloy market, as the demand for commercial and military aircraft continues to increase. The increasing investment in space exploration is also expected to fuel the growth of the market in this segment.
The energy industry is another key driver of growth in the nickel alloy market. The increasing demand for energy, particularly in developing countries, is expected to increase the demand for nickel alloys in the oil and gas industry, where they are used in drilling equipment, pipelines, and valves.
The chemical processing and petrochemical industries are also expected to contribute to the growth of the nickel alloy market, as nickel alloys offer high resistance to corrosion and high temperatures, making them ideal for use in chemical reactors, heat exchangers, and other equipment.
North America is expected to dominate the nickel alloy market during the forecast period, followed by Europe and Asia-Pacific. The presence of major aerospace and defense companies in North America is expected to drive the demand for nickel alloys in this region.
The nickel alloy market is highly competitive, with several players competing for market share. The key players are focusing on product innovation, strategic partnerships, and mergers and acquisitions to strengthen their position in the market.
The increasing demand for electric vehicles is expected to drive the growth of the nickel alloy market in the coming years. Nickel alloys are used in electric vehicle batteries and other components, and the increasing adoption of electric vehicles is expected to increase the demand for nickel alloys in this segment.
In conclusion, the nickel alloy market is expected to continue to grow in the coming years, driven by the increasing demand from various end-use industries and the development of new and innovative products. The focus on sustainability is also expected to drive innovation in the market and contribute to the growth of the market in the coming years.
Nickel Alloy Market Segmentation
The global nickel alloy market can be segmented based on product type, end-use industry, and region.
By product type, the nickel alloy market can be segmented into:
- Wrought Nickel Alloys: These are alloys that are formed by working or forging the metal at high temperatures. Examples of wrought nickel alloys include Inconel, Monel, and Hastelloy.
- Cast Nickel Alloys: These are alloys that are cast into a specific shape or form. Examples of cast nickel alloys include Incoloy and Ni-Hard.
By end-use industry, the nickel alloy market can be segmented into:
- Aerospace and Defense: Nickel alloys are widely used in the aerospace and defense industry due to their high strength, corrosion resistance, and high-temperature resistance. They are used in various components of aircraft engines, landing gears, and other critical parts.
- Oil and Gas: Nickel alloys are also used in the oil and gas industry due to their high corrosion resistance and ability to withstand high temperatures and pressures. They are used in pipelines, drilling equipment, and valves.
- Chemical Processing and Petrochemicals: Nickel alloys are widely used in the chemical processing and petrochemical industries due to their high resistance to corrosion and high temperatures. They are used in reactors, heat exchangers, and other equipment.
- Electric Vehicles: Nickel alloys are used in the production of electric vehicle batteries and other components. The increasing adoption of electric vehicles is expected to drive the growth of the nickel alloy market in this segment.
By region, the nickel alloy market can be segmented into:
- North America: The United States and Canada are the major markets for nickel alloys in North America, driven by the presence of major aerospace and defense companies in the region.
- Europe: The European market for nickel alloys is driven by the aerospace and defense industry and the chemical processing industry.
- Asia-Pacific: The Asia-Pacific market for nickel alloys is driven by the increasing demand from the aerospace and defense industry, the oil and gas industry, and the chemical processing industry. Countries such as China, Japan, and India are expected to be major markets in this region.
In summary, the nickel alloy market can be segmented by product type, end-use industry, and region, with each segment contributing to the overall growth of the market.
Nickel Alloy Market Forecast
The global nickel alloy market is expected to grow at a CAGR of around 5.5% during the forecast period from 2021 to 2028. The increasing demand from various end-use industries such as aerospace and defense, oil and gas, and chemical processing is expected to drive the growth of the market.
The aerospace and defense industry is expected to be a key driver of growth in the nickel alloy market. The increasing demand for commercial and military aircraft and the increasing investment in space exploration are expected to fuel the growth of the market in this segment.
The energy industry is also expected to contribute to the growth of the nickel alloy market. The increasing demand for energy, particularly in developing countries, is expected to increase the demand for nickel alloys in the oil and gas industry, where they are used in drilling equipment, pipelines, and valves.
North America is expected to dominate the nickel alloy market during the forecast period, followed by Europe and Asia-Pacific. The presence of major aerospace and defense companies in North America is expected to drive the demand for nickel alloys in this region.
The increasing adoption of electric vehicles is also expected to drive the growth of the nickel alloy market in the coming years. Nickel alloys are used in electric vehicle batteries and other components, and the increasing adoption of electric vehicles is expected to increase the demand for nickel alloys in this segment.
In conclusion, the nickel alloy market is expected to continue to grow in the coming years, driven by the increasing demand from various end-use industries and the development of new and innovative products. The focus on sustainability is also expected to drive innovation in the market and contribute to the growth of the market in the coming years.
Nickel Alloy Market Growth
The global nickel alloy market has been experiencing steady growth over the past few years and is expected to continue growing in the coming years. There are several factors contributing to the growth of the market, including:
- Increasing demand from end-use industries: Nickel alloys are used in various industries such as aerospace and defense, oil and gas, chemical processing, and electric vehicles. The increasing demand from these industries is expected to drive the growth of the nickel alloy market.
- Advancements in technology: The development of new and advanced technologies is expected to increase the demand for nickel alloys. For example, the increasing adoption of electric vehicles is driving the demand for high-performance batteries, which require nickel alloys.
- Growing demand for sustainable products: The focus on sustainability is increasing, and many industries are adopting sustainable practices. Nickel alloys are recyclable, which makes them an attractive option for industries looking to reduce their environmental impact.
- Increasing investment in research and development: The development of new and innovative products is expected to drive the growth of the nickel alloy market. Many companies are investing in research and development to develop new products that offer improved performance and greater efficiency.
- Growing demand from emerging markets: Emerging markets such as China and India are experiencing rapid industrialization and urbanization, which is driving the demand for nickel alloys. These markets are expected to be major contributors to the growth of the nickel alloy market in the coming years.
In summary, the nickel alloy market is expected to continue growing in the coming years, driven by increasing demand from end-use industries, advancements in technology, growing demand for sustainable products, increasing investment in research and development, and growing demand from emerging markets.
Nickel Alloy Market Competitor Analysis
The global nickel alloy market is highly competitive, with several major players competing for market share. Some of the key players in the market include:
- Precision Castparts Corp.: Precision Castparts Corp. is a leading manufacturer of complex metal components and products, including nickel alloys. The company’s nickel alloy products are used in a variety of industries, including aerospace, defense, and oil and gas.
- ATI: Allegheny Technologies Incorporated (ATI) is a leading manufacturer of specialty metals and alloys, including nickel alloys. The company’s nickel alloy products are used in a variety of industries, including aerospace, defense, and chemical processing.
- Haynes International: Haynes International is a leading manufacturer of high-performance nickel and cobalt alloys. The company’s nickel alloy products are used in a variety of industries, including aerospace, chemical processing, and power generation.
- VDM Metals: VDM Metals is a global manufacturer of high-performance nickel alloys and other specialty metals. The company’s nickel alloy products are used in a variety of industries, including aerospace, chemical processing, and oil and gas.
- Sandvik Materials Technology: Sandvik Materials Technology is a global manufacturer of advanced materials, including nickel alloys. The company’s nickel alloy products are used in a variety of industries, including aerospace, chemical processing, and power generation.
These companies compete on factors such as product quality, innovation, price, and customer service. They also invest heavily in research and development to develop new and innovative products to stay competitive in the market. In addition to these major players, there are also several smaller companies operating in the nickel alloy market, which adds to the competitive landscape of the industry.
Nickel Alloy Market Strengths
The nickel alloy market has several strengths that contribute to its overall growth and success. Some of the key strengths of the market include:
- Diverse range of applications: Nickel alloys are used in a wide range of industries and applications, including aerospace, defense, oil and gas, chemical processing, and electric vehicles. This diversification of applications helps to ensure steady demand for nickel alloys across various industries and market segments.
- High-performance properties: Nickel alloys offer high resistance to heat, corrosion, and wear, making them ideal for use in harsh and demanding environments. Their high-performance properties make them a preferred choice for many industrial applications.
- Recyclability: Nickel alloys are recyclable, which makes them an attractive option for industries looking to reduce their environmental impact. This also helps to promote a circular economy, where materials are reused and recycled rather than discarded.
- Strong demand from emerging markets: Emerging markets such as China and India are experiencing rapid industrialization and urbanization, which is driving the demand for nickel alloys. This strong demand from emerging markets helps to ensure steady growth in the nickel alloy market.
- Growing focus on sustainability: There is a growing focus on sustainability across various industries, and nickel alloys are seen as a sustainable material due to their recyclability and long lifespan. This growing focus on sustainability is expected to drive the demand for nickel alloys in the coming years.
In summary, the nickel alloy market has several strengths, including its diverse range of applications, high-performance properties, recyclability, strong demand from emerging markets, and growing focus on sustainability. These strengths help to ensure steady growth and success in the market.
Nickel Alloy Market Opportunities
The nickel alloy market presents several opportunities for growth and expansion. Some of the key opportunities include:
- Electric vehicle market: The growing demand for electric vehicles presents a significant opportunity for the nickel alloy market. Nickel is a key component in batteries used in electric vehicles, and the increasing adoption of electric vehicles is expected to drive demand for nickel alloys in the coming years.
- Aerospace industry: The aerospace industry is a major user of nickel alloys, and the growing demand for air travel is expected to drive the demand for nickel alloys in this industry. The development of new, lightweight nickel alloys for aerospace applications presents an opportunity for growth in this market.
- Oil and gas industry: The oil and gas industry is a significant user of nickel alloys, particularly in offshore applications. As offshore exploration and production activities continue to expand, the demand for nickel alloys in this industry is expected to increase.
- Growing demand for renewable energy: The growing demand for renewable energy, particularly wind and solar power, presents an opportunity for growth in the nickel alloy market. Nickel alloys are used in the construction of wind turbines and solar panels, and the increasing adoption of renewable energy is expected to drive demand for nickel alloys in these applications.
- Expansion into emerging markets: Emerging markets such as China and India are experiencing rapid industrialization and urbanization, which is driving demand for nickel alloys. Expansion into these markets presents an opportunity for growth and expansion for companies operating in the nickel alloy market.
In summary, the nickel alloy market presents several opportunities for growth and expansion, including the electric vehicle market, aerospace industry, oil and gas industry, growing demand for renewable energy, and expansion into emerging markets. Companies that are able to capitalize on these opportunities are likely to experience significant growth in the coming years.
Nickel Alloy Market Weakness
The nickel alloy market faces some challenges and weaknesses that could affect its growth and profitability. Some of the key weaknesses of the market include:
- Dependence on specific industries: While nickel alloys have diverse applications, the market is still heavily dependent on specific industries such as aerospace, defense, and oil and gas. This dependence on specific industries can make the market vulnerable to changes in those industries, such as fluctuations in oil prices or changes in defense spending.
- Volatility in raw material prices: The price of raw materials used in the production of nickel alloys, such as nickel and chromium, can be volatile and subject to sudden fluctuations. This can create uncertainty for companies operating in the market and can affect their profitability.
- Competition from alternative materials: Nickel alloys face competition from alternative materials such as composites, ceramics, and plastics. These alternative materials can offer similar properties to nickel alloys, but at a lower cost. This can make it challenging for nickel alloys to compete in certain market segments.
- Environmental concerns: The production of nickel alloys can be energy-intensive and can generate significant greenhouse gas emissions. This can create environmental concerns and may affect the demand for nickel alloys in certain applications.
- Impact of trade policies: The nickel alloy market is subject to trade policies and tariffs that can affect the cost and availability of raw materials, as well as the export and import of finished products. This can create uncertainty and volatility in the market.
In summary, the nickel alloy market faces some challenges and weaknesses, including dependence on specific industries, volatility in raw material prices, competition from alternative materials, environmental concerns, and the impact of trade policies. Companies operating in the market need to be aware of these weaknesses and take steps to mitigate their impact in order to maintain growth and profitability.
Nickel Alloy Market Threats
The nickel alloy market faces several threats that could impact its growth and profitability in the coming years. Some of the key threats include:
- Economic downturns: Economic downturns can lead to a decline in demand for nickel alloys, particularly in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and construction. This can result in excess capacity and lower prices, which can have a negative impact on profitability.
- Political instability: Political instability in key producing or consuming countries can disrupt supply chains and lead to price volatility. This can create uncertainty for companies operating in the nickel alloy market.
- Shift towards sustainable materials: The growing emphasis on sustainability and environmental concerns is leading to a shift towards sustainable materials, such as composites and bioplastics. This could lead to a decline in demand for nickel alloys in certain applications.
- Technological advancements: Technological advancements in alternative materials, such as carbon fiber composites and ceramics, could lead to a decline in demand for nickel alloys in certain applications.
- Regulations: Regulations related to emissions and waste management could increase the costs of production and impact profitability for companies operating in the nickel alloy market.
In summary, the nickel alloy market faces several threats, including economic downturns, political instability, the shift towards sustainable materials, technological advancements, and regulations. Companies operating in the market need to be aware of these threats and take steps to mitigate their impact in order to maintain growth and profitability. This may include diversifying their product offerings, investing in research and development, and developing sustainable production practices.
Disclaimer: The views, suggestions, and opinions expressed here are the sole responsibility of the experts. No Market Insight Lab journalist was involved in the writing and production of this article.
